Hydrotreatment of jatropha oil over noble metal catalysts

Jatropha oil is a promising nonedible feedstock for producing renewable diesel. In this work, the hydrotreatment processing of jatropha oil was investigated. Instead of using conventional alumina-supported Co–Mo, Ni–Mo, and Ni–W catalysts that need sulfidation pretreatment, noble metals such as Pd and Ru were chosen. Trials were performed in an isothermal trickle-bed reactor and the reaction conditions were as follows: temperature 603–663?K, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) 1 to 4/h, pressure 1.5–3?MPa, and H₂/oil ratio 200–800 (v/v). Yield of n-C₁₅ to n-C₁₈ hydrocarbons was maximized (70.3 and 43.8% for Pd/Al₂O₃ and Ru/Al₂O₃, respectively) at the following conditions: T?=?663 K, WHSV?=?2/h, P?=?3?MPa, and H₂/oil ratio?=?600 (v/v). Since Ru favored cracking reactions to a larger extent than Pd, the yield of C₁₅ to C₁₈ hydrocarbons over Ru/Al₂O₃ was lowered. Using simple first-order plots for oil conversion, activation energies for the hydrotreating process over Pd/Al₂O₃ and Ru/Al₂O₃ were found and they were equal to 109 and 121?kJ/mol, correspondingly.     

渤海海域莱州湾凹陷高硫稠油成因及其成藏模式

现今渤海海域仅在莱州湾凹陷发现了规模型高硫油油田，其原油性质复杂，来源及成因认识不清。在大量实验数据分析的基础之上，利用地球化学分析方法和盆地模拟手段对莱州湾凹陷各油田油气来源及成因做了详细研究，结果表明：①莱州湾凹陷主要发育了沙三段和沙四段两套有效的烃源岩，陡坡带和中央构造带上各构造原油主要来源于主洼沙四段烃源岩，缓坡带上各构造原油表现为主洼沙四段和南次洼沙四段双洼供烃的特征；②沙四段地层沉积时期存在水体分隔，南次洼水体更加咸化易形成富硫干酪根，其烃源岩分布范围控制着高硫油的分布范围，是高硫油形成的主控因素。而生物降解作用，一方面导致原油稠化是形成稠油的主要原因，另一方面使原油硫含量相对富集，是形成高硫油的重要因素；③垦利16-1油田具有晚期成藏的特点，形成了咸化湖盆早生、早排双洼供烃成藏模式，深、浅地层成藏模式不同，深部地层为典型不整合面侧向输导远源成藏模式。认为南次洼南部古近系地层和潜山优质储层是油气聚集的有利区带，可作为下一步油气勘探的有利方向。     

The corrosion behavior and mechanism of X65 steel induced by iron‐oxidizing bacteria in the seawater environment

The corrosion behavior and mechanism of iron‐oxidizing bacteria (IOB) on X65 steel in seawater are studied. This study uses the methods of weight loss, electrochemical measurements, and surface analysis. The results show that the IOB increases the corrosion damage degree of steel. Pittings are observed in the medium with IOB. The potentiodynamic polarization curves show that the anodic reaction rate is accelerated in the corrosion process of IOB. The synergies in corrosion between the metal surface, abiotic corrosion products, and bacterial cells, and the pitting corrosion mechanism of X65 steel are discussed.     

歧口凹陷歧北次凹沙河街组三段页岩油地质特征与勘探突破

歧口凹陷歧北次凹沙河街组三段（沙三段）湖泛期细粒沉积发育、烃源岩品质好、页岩油资源丰富，但其研究尚处于起步阶段，在沧东凹陷孔店组二段湖相页岩油工业化开发的带动下，落实其勘探前景势成必然。为探究歧北次凹沙三段页岩油的地质特征及勘探潜力，依据F39X1井、QY10-1-1井等多口井的岩心、分析化验、测井资料和录井资料，对沙三段页岩层系的地质特征、页岩油类型与富集模式、甜点的空间分布规律等开展了综合研究。歧北次凹沙三段的矿物组成和岩石类型多样，主要包括灰质白云质页岩、长英质页岩、混合质页岩及微晶白云岩、亮晶生屑白云岩、粉砂岩等；烃源岩的总有机碳（TOC）含量主要分布在1%~3%，以Ⅱ型干酪根为主且指示热演化成熟度的镜质体反射率（R_o）普遍高于0.7%；储集空间主要包括粒间孔、晶间孔、生物体腔孔、有机孔及层理缝、构造（微）缝等；页岩油的超越效应明显（油饱和度指数平均为116.3 mg/g）、荧光显示良好。在歧北次凹沙三段中识别出单一型和夹层型2类页岩油，构建了高TOC滞留型页岩油和低TOC运移型页岩油2种富集模式，并建立了基于油饱和度指数、TOC和脆性指数等多参数的甜点定量评价方法及标准。针对甜点区部署了QY10-1-1水平井，其初期的折算产油量达103.5 t/d，预计可形成亿吨级增储新领域。勘探发现证实歧口凹陷的沙三段细粒岩段具备良好的页岩油勘探潜力。     

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(-)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis. Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU-15 (EU-15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia-Pacific), and Total OECED. Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU-15 (EU-15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia-Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis. Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1). Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.     

Crude Oil Production

Current data on crude oil, field/lease condensate, and natural gas liquids produced from NGL plants. Updated on a monthly basis.     

High‐Purity Tocored Improves the Stability of Stripped Corn Oil Under Accelerated Conditions

γ‐Tocopherol‐5,6‐quinone (tocored) is of importance among the γ‐tocopherol (γ‐T) oxidant products and found in corn germ oil. Investigation on tocored is impeded in part by the difficulty to access high purity tocored. In this present study, high‐purity tocored is successfully prepared, and its antioxidant activity, together with γ‐T and TBHQ (positive control) in increasing concentrations in stripped corn germ oil is evaluated by Rancimat and Schaal oven tests. The stabilization factor in the Rancimat tests increases significantly (p < 0.05) along with an increase in the levels of antioxidants. Furthermore, tocored exhibits higher stabilization than γ‐T in the Schaal oven tests, although its efficacy gradually increases up to 100 mg kg^–1 and decreases significantly at higher levels (from 100 to 500 mg kg^–1), drawn from the comprehensive parameter A (considering both efficiency and strength) changes (5.06–11.21). In addition, the curves illustrating the residual contents of tocored and γ‐T run in different ways when the four levels are taken into consideration, further bearing the above results. Tocored tends to be a potent natural antioxidant for edible corn germ oil preservation. Practical Application: The present work provides more clear procedures for high‐purity tocored synthesis. Furthermore, tocored may be a potential natural antioxidant that is especially suitable for lipid base food substrates. The results of the present work contribute to the deeper understanding of the antioxidant activity of γ‐tocopherol. The antioxidant activity of tocored is higher than γ‐tocopherol in Schaal oven test. Tocored is a bright orange‐red substance that affects the appearance of the edible oil. Meanwhile, γ‐tocopherol is well known for its valuable health benefits, and appropriate measures should be adopted to store oils (corn oil, soybean oil, and so on) rich in γ‐tocopherol to control transformation in order to keep stability optimal. To some degree, the practical applications of the present results are also related to the processing and storage of edible oils.     

Simple Wet Rendering Method for Extraction of Prime Quality Oil from Skipjack Tuna Eyeballs

Oil from skipjack tuna (ST) eyeballs is extracted by the wet rendering method at 121 °C for different holding times (5–60 min) using an autoclave. Yield increases as heating time increases up to 20 min (p < 0.05); no further increase is obtained with a longer heating time (p > 0.05). Conversely, acid value and total polar compounds increase. However, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and anisidine value (AnV) decrease up to 30 min. No changes in unsaponifiable matter (UM) or conjugated diene (CD) are attained, regardless of heating time. Polar components (PC) increase with heating time (p < 0.05). All oil samples have a high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content (40.46–41.00%), with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the range of 20.94–21.26% and 37.77–38.45%, respectively. PUFA content is reduced slightly with a heating time of 60 min. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6, n3) is the dominant fatty acid in all samples (31.67–32.24%). Based on FTIR spectra, heating for longer time results in lower intensity at wavenumbers of 3015 and 1740 cm^?1. Thus, light yellow oil from ST eyeballs prepared by a green process for an appropriate time can serve as an excellent source of DHA and other PUFA. Practical Applications: Tuna oil is known to be a rich source of DHA and PUFA with health benefits. However, precooked tuna heads, generally used as raw material, yield oils with a very dark color and offensive odor, which require several refinery processes. To reduce the number of steps in the refinery process, tuna eyeballs which are separated from tuna heads can render higher quality fish oil. Moreover, the wet rendering process, a green process without toxic substances, can be used without causing environmental problems.     

Energy,exergy and emission analysis on a DI single cylinder diesel engine using pyrolytic waste plastic oil diesel blend

Depletion of fossil fuels and stringent emission norms focus attention to discover an evitable source of alternative fuel in order to attribute a significant compensation on conventional fuels. Besides, waste management policies encourage the valorization of different wastes for the production of alternative fuels in order to reduce the challenges of waste management. In this context, pyrolysis has become an emerging trend to convert different wastes into alternate fuel and suitable to be used as a substitute fuel for CI engines. The current investigation provides a sustainable and feasible solution for waste plastic management by widening the gap between global plastic production and plastic waste generation. It investigates the performance and emission of a single cylinder DI four stroke diesel engine using waste plastic oil (WPO) derived from pyrolysis of waste plastics using Zeolite-A as catalyst. Engine load tests have been conducted taking waste plastic oil and subsequently a blend of waste plastic oil by 10%, 20%, and 30% in volume proportions with diesel as fuel. The performance of the test engine in terms of brake thermal efficiency is found marginally higher and brake specific fuel consumption comparatively lowest for 20% WPO-diesel blend than pure diesel. The NOx and HC emission is found lower under low load condition and became higher by increasing the load as compared to diesel. Fuel exergy was significantly increasing after blending of WPO with pure diesel, but exergetic efficiency of the blended fuels followed the reverse trend. However, increase in load of the engine improved the exergetic efficiency. The 20% WPO–diesel blended fuel is found suitable to be used as an alternative fuel for diesel engine.